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Economic Effects of Container Shipping into World Seaborne Trade - English

TABLE OF CONTENTS	Pg.
CONTAINERIZATION	01
History	01
Origins	01
Purpose built ships	02
Towards standards	03
Today	03
ISO standard Dimensions and payloads	04
Standard containers	05
Types	06
Double-stack containerization	06
INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRANSPORT	08
Introduction	08
Prehistory	08
History	08
Double-stacked container transport	10
Equipment	10
Containers	10
Handling equipment	11
Intermodal Vehicles	12
Rail Transport	12
Container ships	12
GLOBALIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE	13
Shipping and the global economy	15
Volume and Value of World Trade	16
Conference System	17
Origin of conference system	17
Open and Close Conference	18
Features of Liner Conference	18
Organisation of Conferences	19
Advantages of Coference	20
Disadvantages of Conference System	20
INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION AND SUPPLY CHAINS	22
Status of Intermodal Freight	23
Role in Hypercompetition of Supply Chains	24
Focus on Changing Customer Requirements	25
CONTAINER SHIPPING AND PORTS: OVERVIEW	25
Introduction	26
Instability in liner shipping	26
Scale increases in vessel size	28
Co-operation, mergers and acquisitions	29
Landside logistics as a revenue base, cost control & source of differentiation	30
CONTAINER SHIPPING AND THE ECONOMY	34
Economic Effects	34
Containerport Efficiencies	35
Historic Costs	36
Time Dimensions	37
Global Effects	38
WORLD ECONOMIC BACKGROUND	39
Merchandise trade	40
WORLD SEABORNE TRADE	43
Overall seaborne trade	43
World shipments by country groups	44
Developed countries	44
Developing countries	45
Demand for shipping services	46
SECTORS OF WORLD SEABORNE TRADE	47
Liner shipments of containerized cargoes	47
STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD FLEET	50
The world containership fleet	50
PRO. OF THE WORLD FLEET, AND SUPPLY & DEMAND IN WORLDSHIPPING	52
OPERATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY	52
SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN WORLD SHIPPING	54
Comparison of Cargo Turnover and Fleet Ownership	56
THE LINER SHIPPING MARKET	59
Developments in liner markets	59
Concentration in liner shipping	60
FREIGHT LEVEL of CONTAINERIZED SERVICES	61
Chartering of containerships	61
Freight rates on main routes	62
Supply and demand in respect of main liner services	64
Liner freight index	68
Liner freight rates as percentage of prices for selected commodities	68
ESTIMATES OF TOTAL FREIGHT COSTS IN WORLD TRADE	69
CONTAINER PRODUCTION	71
Leasing containers	73
PORT AND MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENTS	75
Container Port Traffic	75
Improvements in port performance	80
Institutional Change and Port Development	82
INLAND TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENTS	90
Logistics	90
REVIEW OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS : ASIA	94
Economic Background	94
Demographic background	96
Containerization	96
Direction of containerized trade	96
Container port traffic	96
Asian container terminal operators	98
Container manufacturing	100
Asian Fleet Development	100
Asian merchant fleet	100
CONCLUSION	101

LIST of TABLES & FIGURES:

•  P07 Top 10 container shipping companies in order of TEU capacity.
•  P36 Global Containerized Trade, 2001 to 2011 (Forecast).
•  P40 World Economic Growth, 2003 to 2006.
•  P41 Growth in volume of merchandise trade, by geographical region.
•  P43 Development of International Seaborne Trade, selected years.
•  P44 International Seaborne Trade for selected years.
•  P47 Graphic of Annualy Transportation Tonnages.
•  P51 Distrubition of the World Fleet and DWT Capasity of Containership.
•  P52 Ton-Miles performed DWT of total World Fleet.
•  P53 Estimated productivity of tankers, bulk carriers, combined carriers.
•  P54 Analysis of tonnage surplus by main type of vessel.
•  P55 Growth of Supply and Demand in Container Shipping.
•  P56 Trends in surplus capacity by main vessel types.
•  P58 Maritime Engagement of 25 Major Trading Nations.
•  P60 Growth of the World Cellular Container Fleet.
•  P63 Freight Rates per TEU on the three Major Liner Trade Routes.
•  P65 Estimated Cargo Flows on Major Trade Routes.
•  P66 Europe-Far East Trade: Percentage slot capacity share by line / grouping.
•  P70 Estimates of total freight costs as a percentage of value imports in world trade.
•  P71 World Container Fleet.
•  P72 World Container Production.
•  P73 Evolution of prices of new containers.
•  P74 Evolution of leasing rates.
•  P76 Container port traffic for 62 developing countires and territories.
•  P79 Top 20 Container Terminals and their throughput for 2004 to 2006.
•  P91 Total freight forwarding market : Market Share.
•  P92 Global Freight Forwarding Market Size and Growth Rate.
•  P95 Real GDP growth rates of selected Asian economies.
•  P102 Container handling by Region.
•  P103 Trends in Global Container Shipping.
•  P103 The Proportion of Transhipment is increasing.
•  P104 Container ships on the advance.
•  P105 Container ship fleet is continually expanding (graph on value of Million TEU).
•  P105 Global Container Shipping stays on course for growth.
•  P109 Trend of the HARPEX.
•  P112 Average Charter Rates by size of Ship.

ABBREVIATIONS and ACRONYMS USED:

•  ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations
•  BAF Bunkering adjustment factor
•  Bcm Billion cubic metres
•  CAF Currency adjustment factor
•  c.i.f. Cost, insurance and freight
•  dwt Deadweight tons
•  ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
•  EU European Union
•  FDI Foreign direct investment
•  FEU 40 inch - foot equivalent unit
•  f.o.b. Free on board
•  GDP Gross domestic product
•  GT Gross tons
•  IMF International Monetary Fund
•  IMO International Maritime Organization
•  ISO International Organization for Standardization
•  ISPS Code International Ship and Port Facility Security Code
•  LNG Liquefied natural gas
•  LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
•  mbpd Million barrels per day
•  n.a. Not Available
•  NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
•  n.e.s. Not Elsewhere Specified
•  OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
•  OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
•  TEU 20 inch - foot equivalent unit
•  THC Terminal Handling Charges
•  ULCC Ultra-large crude carrier
•  UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
•  VLCC Very Large Crude Carrier
•  WS Worldscale
•  WCO World Customs Organization
•  WTO World Trade Organization

SOURCES and REFERENCES:

•  Alberghini, G. (2002) The Potential Benefits of a European Intermodal Network for the Transport of Maritime Containers, ITMMAPS-conference, Antwerp.
•  Ashar, A (2002) "Revolution Now," Containerisation International, January.
•  Baird, A.J. and Lindsay, A.J. (1996) Strategic Choice in the Global Container Shipping Industry: A Resource-Based Approach, IAME '96 Conference, International Association of Maritime Economists, Vancouver.
•  Brooks, M. (2001) Good Governance and Ports as Tools of Economic Development: Are They Compatible? Proceedings of the IAME2001 Conference, Hong Kong.
•  Evangelista, P. and Morvillo, A. (1998) Logistics Integration and Co-Operative Strategies in Liner Shipping: Some Empirical Evidence, paper presented at 8th World Conference on Transport Research, Antwerp, July 1998.
•  Gilman, S. (1999) "The Size Economies and Network Efficiency of Large Containerships," International Journal of Maritime Economics.
•  Heaver, T. (2002) "The Evolving Roles of Shipping Lines in International Logistics," International Journal of Maritime Economics.
•  MDS Intermodal (1998) The European Container Freight Market: Containers Inland. Chester.
•  Containerisation International Online, located London.
•  UNCTAD (2002) Review of Maritime Transport, Geneva.
•  UNCTAD (2005) Review of Maritime Transport, Geneva.
•  UNCTAD (2006) Review of Maritime Transport, Geneva.
•  UNCTAD (2007) Review of Maritime Transport, Geneva.
•  Harper Peterson & Co.
•  ISL - Institut fur Seeverkehrswirtschaft und Logistik.
•  Christopher, M. (1992) Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Strategies for Reducing Costs and Improving Services, Pitman Publishing, London.
•  Drewry Shipping Consultants (2003) Annual Review of Global Container Terminal Operators. London.
•  Mentzer, J. T., W. DeWitt, et al. A Unified Definition of Supply Chain Management.
•  Muller, G. Intermodal Freight Transportation. Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., 1999.
•  Clarkson Research Studies.
•  OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Online Library.
•  Wikipedia, the free internet based encyclopedia that anyone can edit.

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