Economic Effects of Container Shipping into World Seaborne Trade - English
TABLE OF CONTENTS | Pg. |
---|---|
CONTAINERIZATION | 01 |
History | 01 |
Origins | 01 |
Purpose built ships | 02 |
Towards standards | 03 |
Today | 03 |
ISO standard Dimensions and payloads | 04 |
Standard containers | 05 |
Types | 06 |
Double-stack containerization | 06 |
INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRANSPORT | 08 |
Introduction | 08 |
Prehistory | 08 |
History | 08 |
Double-stacked container transport | 10 |
Equipment | 10 |
Containers | 10 |
Handling equipment | 11 |
Intermodal Vehicles | 12 |
Rail Transport | 12 |
Container ships | 12 |
GLOBALIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE | 13 |
Shipping and the global economy | 15 |
Volume and Value of World Trade | 16 |
Conference System | 17 |
Origin of conference system | 17 |
Open and Close Conference | 18 |
Features of Liner Conference | 18 |
Organisation of Conferences | 19 |
Advantages of Coference | 20 |
Disadvantages of Conference System | 20 |
INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION AND SUPPLY CHAINS | 22 |
Status of Intermodal Freight | 23 |
Role in Hypercompetition of Supply Chains | 24 |
Focus on Changing Customer Requirements | 25 |
CONTAINER SHIPPING AND PORTS: OVERVIEW | 25 |
Introduction | 26 |
Instability in liner shipping | 26 |
Scale increases in vessel size | 28 |
Co-operation, mergers and acquisitions | 29 |
Landside logistics as a revenue base, cost control & source of differentiation | 30 |
CONTAINER SHIPPING AND THE ECONOMY | 34 |
Economic Effects | 34 |
Containerport Efficiencies | 35 |
Historic Costs | 36 |
Time Dimensions | 37 |
Global Effects | 38 |
WORLD ECONOMIC BACKGROUND | 39 |
Merchandise trade | 40 |
WORLD SEABORNE TRADE | 43 |
Overall seaborne trade | 43 |
World shipments by country groups | 44 |
Developed countries | 44 |
Developing countries | 45 |
Demand for shipping services | 46 |
SECTORS OF WORLD SEABORNE TRADE | 47 |
Liner shipments of containerized cargoes | 47 |
STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD FLEET | 50 |
The world containership fleet | 50 |
PRO. OF THE WORLD FLEET, AND SUPPLY & DEMAND IN WORLDSHIPPING | 52 |
OPERATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY | 52 |
SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN WORLD SHIPPING | 54 |
Comparison of Cargo Turnover and Fleet Ownership | 56 |
THE LINER SHIPPING MARKET | 59 |
Developments in liner markets | 59 |
Concentration in liner shipping | 60 |
FREIGHT LEVEL of CONTAINERIZED SERVICES | 61 |
Chartering of containerships | 61 |
Freight rates on main routes | 62 |
Supply and demand in respect of main liner services | 64 |
Liner freight index | 68 |
Liner freight rates as percentage of prices for selected commodities | 68 |
ESTIMATES OF TOTAL FREIGHT COSTS IN WORLD TRADE | 69 |
CONTAINER PRODUCTION | 71 |
Leasing containers | 73 |
PORT AND MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENTS | 75 |
Container Port Traffic | 75 |
Improvements in port performance | 80 |
Institutional Change and Port Development | 82 |
INLAND TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENTS | 90 |
Logistics | 90 |
REVIEW OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS : ASIA | 94 |
Economic Background | 94 |
Demographic background | 96 |
Containerization | 96 |
Direction of containerized trade | 96 |
Container port traffic | 96 |
Asian container terminal operators | 98 |
Container manufacturing | 100 |
Asian Fleet Development | 100 |
Asian merchant fleet | 100 |
CONCLUSION | 101 |
LIST of TABLES & FIGURES:
P07 Top 10 container shipping companies in order of TEU capacity.
P36 Global Containerized Trade, 2001 to 2011 (Forecast).
P40 World Economic Growth, 2003 to 2006.
P41 Growth in volume of merchandise trade, by geographical region.
P43 Development of International Seaborne Trade, selected years.
P44 International Seaborne Trade for selected years.
P47 Graphic of Annualy Transportation Tonnages.
P51 Distrubition of the World Fleet and DWT Capasity of Containership.
P52 Ton-Miles performed DWT of total World Fleet.
P53 Estimated productivity of tankers, bulk carriers, combined carriers.
P54 Analysis of tonnage surplus by main type of vessel.
P55 Growth of Supply and Demand in Container Shipping.
P56 Trends in surplus capacity by main vessel types.
P58 Maritime Engagement of 25 Major Trading Nations.
P60 Growth of the World Cellular Container Fleet.
P63 Freight Rates per TEU on the three Major Liner Trade Routes.
P65 Estimated Cargo Flows on Major Trade Routes.
P66 Europe-Far East Trade: Percentage slot capacity share by line / grouping.
P70 Estimates of total freight costs as a percentage of value imports in world trade.
P71 World Container Fleet.
P72 World Container Production.
P73 Evolution of prices of new containers.
P74 Evolution of leasing rates.
P76 Container port traffic for 62 developing countires and territories.
P79 Top 20 Container Terminals and their throughput for 2004 to 2006.
P91 Total freight forwarding market : Market Share.
P92 Global Freight Forwarding Market Size and Growth Rate.
P95 Real GDP growth rates of selected Asian economies.
P102 Container handling by Region.
P103 Trends in Global Container Shipping.
P103 The Proportion of Transhipment is increasing.
P104 Container ships on the advance.
P105 Container ship fleet is continually expanding (graph on value of Million TEU).
P105 Global Container Shipping stays on course for growth.
P109 Trend of the HARPEX.
P112 Average Charter Rates by size of Ship.
ABBREVIATIONS and ACRONYMS USED:
ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations
BAF Bunkering adjustment factor
Bcm Billion cubic metres
CAF Currency adjustment factor
c.i.f. Cost, insurance and freight
dwt Deadweight tons
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
EU European Union
FDI Foreign direct investment
FEU 40 inch - foot equivalent unit
f.o.b. Free on board
GDP Gross domestic product
GT Gross tons
IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organization
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ISPS Code International Ship and Port Facility Security Code
LNG Liquefied natural gas
LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
mbpd Million barrels per day
n.a. Not Available
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
n.e.s. Not Elsewhere Specified
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
TEU 20 inch - foot equivalent unit
THC Terminal Handling Charges
ULCC Ultra-large crude carrier
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
VLCC Very Large Crude Carrier
WS Worldscale
WCO World Customs Organization
WTO World Trade Organization
SOURCES and REFERENCES:
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Ashar, A (2002) "Revolution Now," Containerisation International, January.
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Wikipedia, the free internet based encyclopedia that anyone can edit.
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